Yeah if you block someone and whenever he/she tries to call you, you will get a notification on home screen. Here are few excerpts: You can even see these notifications in your call log.
How do you find out what blocked number called you?
Go to your phone app and tap the voicemail icon. Look for a “blocked calls” item and tap that. There are the voicemail messages from the miscreants who got blocked by you.
Can you see if a blocked caller has tried to contact you?
Nope. If you have them blocked there isn't a way for them to try. They may ask a 3rd party to contact you on their behalf - but they can't attempt to message you or comment on any of your public posts.