Footnotes to the text of your paper are required if you are writing a paper using the Chicago Manual of Style.On each page, there are footnotes that may cite a research source, provide additional contextual information or both.All of your footnotes will follow the same format, regardless of the type of source you're citing.
Step 1: The same style of writing is used throughout the paper.
If you want to use Times New Roman, you can use your word-processing app.Your footnotes should be the same size as your main text.You can use the default text sizes for your word processing app.If you're writing a paper for a class and the instructor gives you specific sizes, use those.If you change the style of your text, make sure the footnotes are still in the default style.
Step 2: A superscript number is needed to place a footnote.
To refer readers to a footnote, place a superscript Arabic number in the text.A citation to a reference, explanatory material, or both can be found in the footnotes.Your word processing app should format the footnotes for you.If the footnotes aren't working properly, adjust them as necessary."Preliminary research suggests that this matter could be of crucial significance within the field."
Step 3: Superscript numbers are put at the end of a sentence or clause.
The reference to the footnote is usually put at the end of the sentence.You can place the superscript number at the end of the sentence clause to distinguish between sources.The effort may well be worth it, as studies regarding this matter could be difficult to perform.The source does not indicate the effort to perform the studies would be worth it, so the footnote is placed after the first clause.Superscript numbers should follow the letter of the word.The exception is for a dash.Whether the research is for personal or public gain has yet to be determined.If there is a parenthetical phrase in the sentence, place the superscript number after the period as usual.If the footnote only relates to the material in parentheses, put it inside the closing parentheses.Contradictory reports made in the past have already been proven incorrect.
Step 4: Number notes are sequential throughout your paper.
footnotes are numbered separately and do not reference your paper.There is no distinction between referential footnotes and explanatory footnotes for numbering your footnotes.If your paper has several sections, you won't restart numbering for each section.If you have separate chapters in your work, you may restart numbers.Discuss this with your advisor or editor.
Step 5: The author's name and title is what you should start with.
All citations have the same basic elements regardless of the type of work you're citing.The author should be listed by their first name, middle initial and last name.The title of the work should be added with a commas.If there is more than one author, list their names in alphabetical order, with an "and" before the last author's name.The title page of the work has an order in which the authors are listed.If there are more than 4 authors, the name of the first author should be followed by the abbreviation "et al."italicize book titles and place article titles in quotation marks in Rebecca Johnson's Another Great Book.Follow the title of the article with the publication in which it is found.Italicize the publication's name.
Step 6: If it's necessary, provide publication information.
If you have a bibliography, publication information isn't always required in a citation.If you need it to distinguish one source from another, place it in parentheses after the title of the book.The Interesting Book was written by John Doe and Bob Smith.
Step 7: You should include the page number where the cited material is found.
Most of the time, you'll be citing the whole work.When you cite a work in a footnote, you're referring to a specific passage of the text.Your reader can go directly to the material you've referenced with the page number.The page number should be placed after the publication information if you didn't include it.The Interesting Book was written by John Doe and Bob Smith.Place a colon after the last element of your citation, followed by the page number, when citing an article in a journal.Sue Rogers, "Clever article," Very Important Journal 14, no.3 years ago today: 62.
Step 8: If you want to end with a URL, you have to use it.
If you're citing an article on the internet, cite it the same way you would a magazine article.The title should be followed by the website's title in italics.After the title of the website, include a direct URL to the article.Sally J. Sunshine wrote "The Pursuit of Happiness."
Step 9: The titles should be shorter in subsequent mentions of the same source.
When you reference a source again, you only need to use the author's last name and a short version of the title.The page number is likely to differ from previous mentions.Another Great Book is an example.Rogers wrote a clever article.It is possible to make a list of your sources before you start writing.You can use shortened citations in future references if you mark them off when you use them once.
Step 10: Multiple citations with semi-colons were separated.
You only have one superscript number at the end of a sentence.You can cite multiple sources within a single footnote.List all of the sources that support the statement made in your main text.Sue Rogers, "Clever article," Very Important Journal 14, no., is an example.3 years ago today: 62.If you want to indicate that one source disagrees with another, you can use signal phrases.Sally J. Sunshine's "The Pursuit of Happiness" and Annie A. Warbucks' "Only a Day Away" are examples.
Step 11: Shortcut citations can be used for sources repeated.
A footnote only applies to individual sentences, and cannot be used for a whole paragraph.You may have several sentences in a row that reference the same source.Use the abbreviation "Ibid" when this happens.Instead of repeating the information.If the page number is different from the previous mention, you still need to include it.For example: Ibid.
Step 12: Cite references before giving a contextual explanation.
Sometimes you'll have a contextual comment that doesn't cite any sources at all.The citation always comes first when you include both contextual or explanatory information.Peter Parker was interviewing interns.The list of questions is short, but it serves as a starting point for future discussion.
Step 13: Readers should be pointed towards more information.
It is possible to mention something in your main text that is outside the scope of your project.There is a way to let your readers know where to find more information.Jane Doe, I Can't Pay Rent with Experience is an example of a more in-depth discussion about whether interns should be paid.
Step 14: Working definitions or study parameters should be given.
If you're writing in a scientific field, you may need to define broad concepts for your work.If you need to define a word that has both a general meaning and a different, technical meaning within your particular area of work or study, these types of footnotes can be used.The word "intern" refers to college students and recent graduates working in temporary internship programs, either for pay or for credit.
Step 15: Clarifying or analysis of a source or statement is something that can be offered.
You may want to explain their relationship to the first source when you include additional sources in a footnote.signal phrases include see also or but see.Place the additional information in parentheses after the citation.Sally J. Sunshine's "The Pursuit of Happiness" and Annie A. Warbucks' "Only a Day Away" are examples.
Step 16: Comments or quotes from a source.
You might have a source that said something interesting, but it doesn't fit into your paper.You can include the quote in parentheses if you think it would interest your readers.The idea of pursuing happiness is an exercise in futility.There is only happiness in the here and now.
Step 17: Don't say a witty remark or joke.
It's likely that you'll find something odd or funny when doing your research.You could come up with a funny or witty observation on some aspect of your research.If they are appropriate to the overall tone of your work, they can be included in a footnote.Wil Wheaton noted that people die from exposure.Depending on your audience, use these types of footnotes less.If you know your instructor has a sense of humor and you're writing a paper about it, a footnote might be appreciated.