In what year was the 13 century's in?

In the mountains of South America, the ruler of the Inka Empire, Manco Capac, oversees the construction of Cuzco.

Arabic numerals are being learned by Europeans as opposed to Roman numerals.

Pope Innocent III is responding to the failure of the Third Crusade to recover Jerusalem.The Venetians are dependent on transportation and have been attacked by the Crusaders on the Dalmatian coast.The Pope excommunicates those who attacked Zara.

jesters begin to entertain in the courts of Europe's kingsThey are either impoverished or sub-normal in intelligence.They are starting an art form in Europe for people who enjoy watching people make fools of themselves.

In Western Africa, the empire of Ghana has lost control over the gold trade.The Sosso took over the capital city of the country, Kumbi.

The crusade didn't work out as planned.Constantinople revolted against the presence of the Crusaders and they retaliated, seizing the city in a three-day orgy of rape and plundering of palaces and Eastern Orthodox convents and churches.The city has been destroyed by fire.The emperor of Constantinople has left.The Crusaders have an agreement with the Venetians to share the loot.Pope Innocent III is happy about the fall of Constantinople.He is shocked by the atrocities that have taken place, but he continues to approve of the conquest.Latin prelates will replace Greek in Constantinople.The split between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity is over.The city of Jerusalem is in the hands of Muslims.

The people have started a village that will one day be Amsterdam.

A Japanese, Eisai, has returned from China.He was driven from the city of Kyoto to Kamakura in order to become a Zen Buddhist.He has gained the trust of the military government.The first temple dedicated to Zen Buddhism was completed in 1205.The samurai are the practitioners of warfare.

Philip Augustus of France occupies the fiefs of Normandy and Anjou, expanding his family's territory from around Paris and Orléans to the Ile de France.

The Sedentary Turks living in the depression are overrun by the Mongols.

Thousands of children with a few adults and clerics, fired up by preaching against heretics, start for Jerusalem to rescue the Holy Land from Muslims.They don't have enough money or organization but believe they can work miracles because they are favored by God.The year ends in disaster.Many children are sold into slavery.

King John of England wanted to return to Normandy and Anjou.Otto IV is the Holy Roman Emperor.Philip Augustus of France defeated them at the Battle of Bovines.

Beijing was overrun by Genghis Khan's army.They gather information and plunder the countryside.They return to the northern frontier passes.

Frustrated by the growing power of the kings of England, English nobles join together and force King John to sign a document they hope will protect them from imprisonment or loss of property without a trial by a jury of their peers.

The Church's Fourth Lateran Council meets in Rome to pass legislation.The Council decided that all Catholics should confess their sins at least once a year and that clergy should refrain from gambling, hunting, engaging in trade, and wearing bright or ornate clothing.The Council decided that marriage will be a Church affair and that Jews will wear a yellow label.

The Fifth Crusade has begun.Pope Innocent III died in 1226It was intended to rescue Jerusalem from the Muslims.It is not the popular movement of the past.There are small-scale military operations against powers in Syria.The new crusade has a better chance of success because of the divided Muslim opposition.

Genghis Khan wanted to trade on the western frontier.His envoys were killed.He is moving his army to more prosperous cities such as Bukhara and Samarkand.

In 1223, Genghis Khan captured a Genoese trading fortress in the Crimea.After invading Russia in 1223, he takes his army to the battle of the Kalka River.

Philip Augustus of France died.His family's territory has been greatly expanded by him.Paris has become a fortified city with a university that attracts students from all over the world, and the French monarchy is a maritime and commercial power.

At the age of 65, Genghis Khan fell off his horse while fighting against the Tangut in northwestern China.He dies.There was a report on August 18.

The Zen school of Buddhism was brought back to Japan by a Japanese who was studying in China.

Pope Gregory IX ignores the excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who is leading the Sixth Crusade.Frederick thinks he has control over Jerusalem because of his marriage.

The Sultan of Egypt, al-Kamil, is struggling against Muslim opponents.The walls of Jerusalem were destroyed by Saladin in 1187, but Frederick is not allowed to rebuild them.

Church leaders at Toulouse don't allow common people to read the Bible.

The institution is known as the Inquisition.Pope Gregory IX is putting inquisitors under the authority of the papacy.

The son of Ghenghis Khan sent an army into Korea to enforce an agreement and the Koreans started a rebellion.

Paradise is at least a part of Africa.The ruler of Sosso has been raiding and conquering people.Sundjata Keita, who survived one of Sumaguru's raids a decade earlier, is leading a guerrilla war against him.The person is dead.Sundjata took control of the people who were conquered by the Sosso.

The cities of Vladimir, Kolmna and Moscow have been overrun by the army of Ogedei.

The German army of heavy armored knights were destroyed by the Mongols at Liegnitz, although outnumbered.

The prince of Novogrod defeated the invaders at the river.Alexander Nevsky is the name he acquires.

Sundjata Keita annexes a country.He took control of the gold trade routes and ruled a new empire.

Without Ogedei's army, Vienna is reached.They need to participate in choosing a new leader because of the death of Ogedei.

While withdrawing to their stronghold in Russia, the Mongols set up trade with sea-going Italian merchants, exchanging many of their European war-captives for manufactured goods.The Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, who has a slave army, bought slaves from the Italians from Venice and Genoa.

Alexander Nevsky defeated the Teutonic Knights to stop the Germanic drive into Russia.

Avignon is concerned about hygiene.People will not discard into the street refuse, bath water, "dirt" and "human filth" as a result of the streets being widened.Jews and whores are not allowed to touch bread or fruit in market places.

The Mexica people settled onto an infertile hilly region named for grasshoppers in Mexico City.

A Muslim dynasty has been established at Kilwa, an offshore island, after a town on Africa's east coast became overwhelmingly Muslim.At Sofala, a point of departure for gold, iron and slaves, Kilwa controls trade.

White slaves in Egypt have converted to Islam.They were guards for Sultan.These are the Mamluks.The Mamluks have taken power after the death of the sultan.Their leader, Aybak, married the sultan's wife.

While people are free to worship as they please, 1252 Mongke makes official the worship of his grandfather, Genghis Khan.Buddhism, Islam and Christianity thrive under Mongke.

A boy plays with a ball and falls into a pool.His body is found 26 days later.Some Christians think the boy was killed in a Jewish ritual.One hundred Jews are executed.

The Mongols are on their way to Baghdad.The leader of a Shia Muslim community known as the Nizari Ismailis is forced to surrender by the Mongols at a mountain stronghold near the Caspian Sea.The assassins believe that their leader was chosen by God.They spread their rule through fear.They meet a force that they can't intimidate, and it's the beginning of their end.

Baghdad, the spiritual capital of the Sunni Muslims, was attacked by an army that included Christians and Shia.There is an end to the Abbasid caliphate.

Christians in Damascus greet the Mongol army with joy.He died in battle when he led an army into China's Sichuan province.

The Mamluk army defeated the Mongols.The Crusader strongholds of Acre, Tyre and Tripoli were destroyed by the Mamluks.

Nicolo and his brother Maffeo will visit China during their first trip to the East.

The wars between the King of England and barons were considered to be instruments of the king's oppressions.Many people are killed in attacks on Jewish communities.The King of England has been borrowing money from Jews, but he has switched to Italian bankers.Jews are not allowed to hold land or inherit their parents' money.The money of a Jew will be taken away by the royal government when he dies.

The German princes elected a wealthy German noble to be the Holy Roman Emperor.He has given prominence to the Habsburg family.He doesn't appear ambitious or threatening.He is not very good.

The grandson of Genghis Khan is conquering in the Far East.A typhoon makes it impossible for him to stay in Japan.The Japanese believe that God is on their side.

The works of Thomas Aquinas are declared to be heresy by the Archbishop of Paris.

Austria had been under the control of the Babenbergers for 300 years.Duke Friedrich was childless.The Habsburgs took control of Austria in the second decade of the 20th century after gaining control over the Babenberger dynasty.

In England, a number of Jews have been dragged to their deaths and hanged for secretly lending money.

Salvino D'Armate creates eye glasses, but it will be awhile before they are used.

King Edward I of England expels Jews between 4 and 16 thousand.They go to France and Germany.

The Crusaders give up the last of their territory in the Middle East on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea.Crusaders have been in the Middle East for almost 200 years.The years were peaceful and had good relations with Muslims.The crusaders learned from the Muslims.This, including a lot of death, is the result of an effort to save the Holy Land for Christianity.The blond hair and blue eyes of some in modern times in Lebanon, Syria and Palestine are a legacy of the Crusaders' mixed offspring.

The League of the Three Forest Cantons was formed for mutual defense.

Marco Polo is back in Venice.People don't believe him when he says the Chinese use paper money.

The Pope and the king of France are at odds over power and wealth.Church property taxes were originally intended to finance the last Crusade, but have been continued by King Philip IV of France.The bull Clericis laicos asserts the Church's authority and rights vis--vis secular heads of state.Philip wants to stop the Church from collecting taxes in France.The Pope backs down.Edward I won a concession similar to the one the Pope made for France.

Delhi has had a succession of Islamic sultans.Since 1290, Jalal-ud-din, sultan, has been peace loving.His son in law, nephew and military leader kill him and make him sultan, continuing the family dynasty.

William Wallace launched a series of attacks on English troops.

The Mexica are allowed to live in a barren area south of Chapultepec after being driven from the area of Mexico City.