The National Education Act of 1978 was passed by the United Republic of Tanzania.
The public and private sectors provide education in the country, from pre-primary to university level.There is a human right to free and accessible education.The importance of education was emphasized by the government after independence.The basis for the national exams is the curriculum.Poor accessibility and a variety of learning disabilities are some of the causes of children not receiving the education they need.In the 2006 Education Sector Review AIDE- MEMORE, it was pointed out that there is a lack of resources for special needs education.Education and literacy were emphasized in the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty.[4]
In 2016 the government introduced a fee free education policy.[5]
The commitment to education by the government began after independence.Educational access was very limited before independence.The policy document "Education for Self- Reliance", which followed the Arusha Declaration, assigned education a seminal role in the transformation of the country into an African socialist society.The vast majority of the population would derive their livelihood from universal primary education, which was emphasized in the Musoma Declaration of 1974.[5]
An economic crisis that needed to be resolved through economic restructuring and recovery was caused by external shocks in the early 1980s.The relationship with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund was tense because of differing perspectives on the root causes of the economic crisis.The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund said deficient economic policies and institutions were to blame for the crisis.This period saw a huge reduction in resources that led to a reversal of progress made towards UPE during the 1970s and declining quantity and quality at all levels of education.[5]
Progress towards UPE was slow despite the economic reform efforts of the late 1980s and 1990s.The Education and Training Master Plan was prepared by the Ministry of Education.This was updated and further elaborated in a new phase of government policy embodied in the Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) of 1997 (revised in 2001), a program formulated to run from 1998 to 2007 and to have large scale impact that would accelerate progress on stagnating education indicators.The World Declaration on Education for All: Meeting Basic Learning Needs was issued in Thailand in 2000.[7]
The government, along with civil society stakeholders and donors, formulated a Primary Education Development Program that ran from 2002 to 2009.The World Bank supported the PEDP with a US$150 million Sector Adjustment Credit in 2001, which was supplemented by a $50 million contribution from the Netherlands.The objectives of the PEDP were to expand school access, improve education quality and increase school retention.Through improved resource allocation and utilization, improved educational inputs, and strengthened institutional arrangements for effective primary education delivery, these objectives would be achieved.Capitation and Development Grants for direct disbursement to primary schools were introduced by the PEDP.[8]
The second cluster of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty deals with social well being and quality of life.Special resources for "disadvantaged learners" were encouraged by the teachers.Schools are starting to focus on groups that have traditionally been excluded from education opportunities, regardless of physical, intellectual, social, or other condition within their environment.[3]
The school system caters to the wealthy.The language barrier between primary and secondary education is a problem for less than 30 percent of students.Kiswahili is the language of education for primary school and English for secondary school.There are usually no free extra or private help available for children with no prior experience with English.The country is considering whether to standardize the language of instruction.Many of the public schools are located in extremely poor areas and around 60 percent of all teachers are under qualified.Private primary schools are expensive and English medium.Children who do not pass the Primary School Leaving Exam after Standard 7 can't enroll in a government secondary school, which leads to a higher demand for private secondary schools.The majority of families can't afford private schools that charge 1.5 to 2 million per year.The government is trying to standardize the delivery of education.[2]
The education sector national budget was 2.283 trillion for the fiscal year that began in July of 2011.The budget for fiscal year 2010–11 was an increase in nominal terms.The increase was about 1 percent after accounting for inflation.[13]
The budget for the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training is based on actual performance over the last few years.In the fiscal year of 2008–09, the ministry spent 85.1 billion dollars.Since then, the gap between the two has increased.In the fiscal year of 2010–11, the ministry spent less than the budget.
In the last three years, a total of 155.1 billion was unspent.This amount could be enough to build 3,875 houses for teachers according to the estimated costs of building one house at 40 million.We could have reduced the problem of teachers not having a place to stay by building these houses.[13]
The education sector was expected to consume 20 percent of the national budget.The share fell to 17 percent in the fiscal year 2011.[13]
Construction of buildings and teachers' houses consumed less than 10 percent of the total budget for the education sector.This was lower than in Uganda and Kenya.[13]
The importance of Early Childhood Education is emphasized in two arguments in the Convention on the Rights of the Child.It says it should be a basic right for all young children and that it will yield high economic returns for a nation's development.The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child was among the first African countries to approve this policy.Pre-primary education is progressive, but it is up to parents whether or not their child attends before the age of five.In rural communities, there is low public awareness about the importance of early education.Roughly 40% of pre-primary aged children are able to access it.Nutrition, physical health, and mental health are not priorities of the system, as 8.6% of teachers in pre-primary education are professionally qualified.With little room for feedback, questions, or more 'creative learning', the curriculum focuses on teachers delivering curriculum in literacy and numeracy.f
In 1967, the Arusha Declaration provided for the adoption of a community-based learning education system where each area assessed its own needs and made appropriate policies to meet them.Primary education is free except for school supplies.If through the public system, you can teach in Kiswahili.Private primary education is more expensive than public.
About 80 percent of the country's children are in primary education.There has been a decrease in the number of primary school aged children who are Enrolled.The educational quality decreased as the number of students increased.In rural areas, the number of classrooms was too low, causing 100 to 200 students to be in one classroom, and at ten government schools, there was only one teacher to teach them.As of 2018, the teacher to student ratio was 1:51 and the textbook to students ratio is 1:10.Around 10,000 primary school teachers are expected to be hired in the country this year.There is a citation needed.
The curriculum is developed by the Tanzania Institute of Education.Handbooks and laboratory manuals are some of the materials it prepares.It trains teachers in curriculum innovations, monitors curriculum implementation in schools, and evaluates manuscripts intended for school use.[22]
The curriculum consists of Kiswahili, Mathematics, Science, Geography, Civics, History, English language, Vocational subjects, French, Religion, Information and Communication Technology, and school sports.There are many cultural activities such as poetry, drama, music, art, and sports.Critical and creative thinking, communication, numeracy, technology literacy, personal and social life skills, and independent learning are some of the competencies developed in the curriculum.The addition of agriculture to the curriculum is helpful in getting into the job market after school.The official language of primary education in 1968 was Kiswahili, which led to linguistic discontinuity between primary and secondary education.Language is a barrier to pursuing higher education unless children are Enrolled in private primary education which is taught in English.[21]
To continue to Standard 5, a student had to pass the National Standard 4 exams.Even though passing is no longer required, the exams are still given.In 2001, the pass rate was 70.6 percent.[22]
To be eligible to attend public secondary school, a student must pass the Primary School Leaving Examination at the end of Standard 7.In 2009, almost half of the students who sat for these exams received passing marks.The pass rate in 2006 was over 70 percent.The Dar es Salaam Region had the highest pass rate.There was a significant difference in the national pass rate for males and females.There was a disparity in every region except the Kilimanjaro Region.In 2009, 90.4 percent of those who passed the exam were selected to join public secondary schools.There wasn't enough room to accommodate everyone who passed.There is a citation needed.
In 2007, 89.9% of children in Standard 6 on the Tanzanian mainland were at or above reading level 4, which was second highest among the 14 countries and regions in southern and eastern Africa.The percentage of children who were at or above mathematics level 4 was fifth highest among those countries and regions.
In 2007, the reading score for Standard 6 children on the Tanzanian mainland was the highest in southern and eastern Africa.Their mathematics score of 552.7 was the third highest.[28]
Success and curriculum are relative.According to the results of the primary education leaving exams, only 8 percent of students in second grade were able to read and do basic math.competency in life skills was less than 0.1 percent.[20]
There are two levels of secondary education.Form 1 through Form 4 is the Ordinary Level.A certificate is issued to all those who pass the Certificate of Secondary Education Examination.Selected students may progress to Advanced Level (A' Level) education - Forms 5 and 6 - or study for an ordinary diploma in a technical college.Some schools don't offer A' Level classes.The students at this level are boarding.A' Level schools can't enroll both male and female students because of potential problems.
In 2008, the total number of students in the forms was over a million.There were 32,835 teachers and 3,485 schools.The netEnrollment rate was estimated to be 24.4% in the same year.The figures for Form 5 and 6 were close to each other.[22]
In 2012 the total number of students in Forms 5–6 was 78,438.The total number of teachers was 65,086.Page 61.
By the time the final two years of secondary school come around, almost 70% of children between the ages of 14 and 17 are not in school.[29]
The secondary schools that do the best in national exams use better trained teachers.Higher pay and efficient school management attracts qualified teachers to non-government schools.More than half of all teachers with a university degree work in non-government schools, and 75 percent are absorbed in this sector.Most of the rest teach in government schools, with very few teaching in community-built schools.[22]
The government is trying to increase secondary education attendance by providing free education for the first four years of secondary school.The financial burden has led to a dramatic drop in the number of females in secondary education.Most of the girls who are still married by 18 are from poor families.[20]
English is the official language of secondary school, both private and public, which leads to challenges for the majority of students that come from Kiswahili focused primary schools.Only 34% of students passed the English portion of the National Standard 7 Exam in 2009, but this doesn't affect their ability to go to secondary schools.English in secondary schools is controversial because some people believe that students will be prepared to understand the global economy if they learn English, while others believe the focus on other subjects drops because a significant portion of time goes into learning English.It is difficult to retain information and critically think if communication is not possible.[33]
The core and compulsory subjects in Forms 1 and 2 are Mathematics, English, physics, chemistry, Kiswahili, Biology, History, geography, Civics and Religion.Home Economics, Information and Computer Studies, additional Mathematics, Music, Fine Arts, foreign languages, Islamic studies, Bible knowledge, and physical education are optional subjects in Forms 1 and 2.Students are not allowed to choose any of the subjects offered at their school.[22]
Mathematics, English, Kiswahili, Biology, Civics, Religion, History, Geography, Physics, and Chemistry are core subjects in Form 3 and 4.Home Economics, Information and Computer Studies, additional Mathematics, Music, Fine Arts, French, Arabic, Islamic Studies and Bible knowledge are optional subjects in Form 3 and 4.[22]
In 2009, the value of sports like soccer was emphasized, as well as debate and religious groups, which are popular after school activities.These activities have begun to be valued by parents and teachers.[22]
There is no consequences for failing the national standardized exam at the end of Form 2.[34]
The Certificate of Secondary Education Examination is given at the end of Form 4.A student leaves school with a certificate from his or her school.The student received an academic certificate from the National Examination Council.The certificate shows the student's level of performance in several subjects, with division I being the best and division IV the worst.[22]
When a student passes the Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education Examination, secondary education ends.Depending on the test results, the student may be selected to enroll in a university.
Less than 3% of students make it to the university level after completing secondary education.More females are struggling to find jobs than men when it comes to the youth unemployment rate.The majority of the economy remains to be agriculture.